Exosomal microRNAs as a part of the cell-cell communication in cancer

Abstract

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles released by several types of cells into the extracellular matrix. They contain both, proteins and nucleic acids, including DNA fragments, mRNAs, microRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, that can be transported to the recipient cells. They are one of the key elements of intercellular communication that occurs in the tumor microenvironment. Recently studies have shown that exosomal microRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell migration and invasiveness, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the modulation of immune response against cancer. Moreover, exosomal microRNAs could be also potential cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the current knowledge about biogenesis of exosomal microRNAs and their role in the tumorigenesis.